Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer occurs in the prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland in males responsible for producing seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

It is one of the most common cancers in men. Many prostate cancers grow slowly and remain confined to the gland, while others may be aggressive and spread rapidly.

Early-stage prostate cancer—when detected while still localized—offers the best chance for successful treatment.

Prostate Cancer

Symptoms

Prostate cancer may cause no symptoms in its early stages. Advanced cases may present with:

  • Difficulty urinating
  • Reduced urine flow
  • Blood in urine or semen
  • Bone pain
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Erectile dysfunction

Causes

The exact cause is unknown. Prostate cancer begins when prostate cells undergo DNA changes, causing uncontrolled growth and formation of tumors. Some cells may later spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

Risk Factors

  • Older age: Risk increases significantly after age 50
  • Race: Higher risk and aggressiveness in Black individuals
  • Family history: First-degree relatives or BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations increase risk
  • Obesity: Linked to more aggressive and recurrent prostate cancer

Complications

  • Metastasis (spread to bones or other organs)
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Erectile dysfunction

Prevention

  • Maintain a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
  • Prefer food sources over supplements
  • Exercise regularly
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Discuss risk-reduction options with your doctor if you have a high genetic or family risk

Diagnosis Screening

Screening recommendations vary, but most men should begin discussing screening around age 50 (earlier for high-risk individuals).

Tests include:

  • Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test Diagnostic Tests

If screening suggests abnormalities, further evaluation may include:

  • Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)
  • MRI of the prostate
  • Prostate Biopsy – collecting tissue samples to confirm the presence of cancer